Serbia

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Introduction

Background: The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Communist Partisans resisted the Axis occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945 and fought nationalist opponents and collaborators as well. The military and political movement headed by Josip Broz "TITO" (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when their domestic rivals and the occupiers were defeated in 1945. Although communists, TITO and his successors (Tito died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions were ultimately unsuccessful and, after international intervention, led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999. Serbian military and police forces withdrew from Kosovo in June 1999, and the UN Security Council authorized an interim UN administration and a NATO-led security force in Kosovo. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 let to more intense calls to address Kosovo's status, and the UN began facilitating status talks in 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. The EU-moderated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue began in March 2011 and was raised to the level of prime ministers in October 2012. Serbia and Kosovo signed the first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations between the two countries in April 2013 and are in the process of implementing its provisions.

Geography

Location: Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area: total: 77,474 sq km
land: 77,474 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries: total: 2,026 km
border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Kosovo 352 km, Macedonia 62 km, Montenegro 124 km, Romania 476 km
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well-distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m
highest point: Midzor 2,169 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land
Land use: arable land: 37.28%
permanent crops: 3.41%
other: 59.31% (2011)
Irrigated land: 919.6 sq km (2011)
Total renewable water resources: 162.2 cu km (note - includes Kosovo) (2011)
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues: air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube
Environment - international agreements: party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East

People and Society

Nationality: noun: Serb(s)
adjective: Serbian
Ethnic groups: Serb 83.3%, Hungarian 3.5%, Romany 2.1%, Bosniak 2%, other 5.7%, undeclared or unknown 3.4% (2011 est.)
Languages: Serbian (official) 88.1%, Hungarian 3.4%, Bosnian 1.9%, Romany 1.4%, other 3.4%, undeclared or unknown 1.8%
note: Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Croatian, and Rusyn all official in Vojvodina (2011 est.)
Religions: Serbian Orthodox 84.6%, Catholic 5%, Muslim 3.1%, Protestant 1%, atheist 1.1%, other 0.8%, undeclared or unknown 4.5% (2011 est.)
Population: 7,209,764
note: does not include the population of Kosovo (July 2014 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 14.8% (male 549,469/female 515,988)
15-24 years: 11.6% (male 432,471/female 407,367)
25-54 years: 41.6% (male 1,512,888/female 1,488,099)
55-64 years: 14.7% (male 511,516/female 551,117)
65 years and over: 16.9% (male 508,751/female 732,098) (2014 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 44.3 %
youth dependency ratio: 23.2 %
elderly dependency ratio: 21.1 %
potential support ratio: 4.7 (2014 est.)
Median age: total: 41.9 years
male: 40.2 years
female: 43.6 years (2014 est.)
Population growth rate: -0.46% (2014 est.)
Birth rate: 9.13 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Death rate: 13.71 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 56.4% of total population (2011)
rate of urbanization: 0.51% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population: BELGRADE (capital) 1.135 million (2011)
Sex ratio: at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2014 est.)
Maternal mortality rate: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)
Infant mortality rate: total: 6.16 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.1 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 75.02 years
male: 72.17 years
female: 78.07 years (2014 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: 60.8% (2010)
Total fertility rate: 1.42 children born/woman (2014 est.)
Health expenditures: 10.4% of GDP (2011)
Physicians density: 2.11 physicians/1,000 population (2009)
Hospital bed density: 5.4 beds/1,000 population (2009)
Drinking water source: improved: urban: 99.4% of population
rural: 98.9% of population
total: 99.2% of population
unimproved: urban: 0.6% of population
rural: 1.1% of population
total: 0.8% of population (2012 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved: urban: 98.6% of population
rural: 95.7% of population
total: 97.3% of population
unimproved: urban: 1.4% of population
rural: 4.3% of population
total: 2.7% of population (2012 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.1% (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 6,400 (2009 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths: fewer than 100 (2009 est.)
Major infectious diseases: degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 24.8% (2008)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 1.6% (2010)
Education expenditures: 4.8% of GDP (2011)
Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 98%
male: 99.2%
female: 96.9% (2011 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2012)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.5 (2011 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 51.1% (2012)
Child labor - children ages 5-14: total number: 36,141
percentage: 4 % (2005 est.)

Government

Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Serbia
conventional short form: Serbia
local long form: Republika Srbija
local short form: Srbija
former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia
Government type: republic
Capital: name: Belgrade (Beograd)
geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions: 122 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 23 cities (gradovi, singular - grad)
municipalities: Ada, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar, Apatin, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac, Backa Palanka, Backa Topola, Backi Petrovac, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej, Bela Crkva, Bela Palanka, Beocin, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija, Irig, Ivanjica, Kanjiza, Kikinda, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica, Kovin, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja, Nova Varos, Novi Becej, Novi Knezevac, Odzaci, Opovo, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci, Petrovac na Mlavi, Pirot, Plandiste, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma, Secanj, Senta, Sid, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran, Sremski Karlovci, Stara Pazova, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin, Titel, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas, Vrnjacka Banja, Vrsac, Zabalj, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste, Zitorada
cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor, Sremska Mitrovica, Subotica, Uzice, Vajevo, Vranje, Zajecar, Zrenjanin
Independence: 5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro)
National holiday: National Day, 15 February
Constitution: many previous; latest approved by referendum 28-29 October 2006, adopted 30 September 2006, effective 8 November 2006 (2011)
Legal system: civil law system
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal
Executive branch: chief of state: President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 31 May 2012)
head of government: Prime Minister Aleksandar VUCIC (since 22 April 2014)
cabinet: Republican Ministries act as cabinet
elections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly
election results: Tomislav NIKOLIC elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - NIKOLIC 51.2%, Boris TADIC 48.8%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (250 seats; deputies elected according to party lists to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 16 March 2016 (next to be held by March 2020)
election results: percent of vote by party/coalition - SNS-led Coalition 48.4%, SPS/PUPS/JS 13.5%, DS 6.0%, Boris Tadic Coalition 5.7%, DSS 4.2%, Dveri 3.6%, LDP-led Coalition 3.4%, URS 3.0%, SVM 2.1%, Enough of that 4.3%, SRS 2.0%, SDA 1.0%, PDD .7%, other and invalid 1.2%; seats by party/coalition - SNS-led Coalition 158, SPS/PUPS/JS 44, DS 19, Boris Tadic Coalition 18, SVM 6, SDA 3, PDD 2
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation (consists of more than 60 judges organized into 3- and 5-member panels for criminal, civil, and administrative cases); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 judges)
note - in 2003, specialized panels on war crimes were established within the Serbian court system; the panels have jurisdiction over alleged violations of the Basic Criminal Code and crimes against humanity, international law, and criminal acts as defined by the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court justices proposed by the High Judicial Council (HJC), an 11-member body of which 7 are judges, and elected by the National Assembly; Constitutional Court judges appointed - 5 each by the National Assembly, the president, and the Supreme Court of Cassation; judges of both courts appointed to permanent tenure by the HJC
subordinate courts: appellate courts, higher courts, and municipal and district courts; courts of special jurisdiction include the Administrative Court, Appellate Commercial Court, and two levels of misdemeanor courts
Political parties and leaders: Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]
Boris Tadic Coalition [Boris TADIC] (includes New Democratic Party-Greens or NDS-Z [Boris TADIC], League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK], Together for Serbia or ZSS [Dusan PETROVIC], Democratic Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or VMDK [Aron CSONKA], Together for Vojvodina [Olena PAPUGA], Democratic Left of Roma or DLR [Jovan DAMJANOVIC])
Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Aleksandar Popovic]
Enough of That [Sasa RADULOVIC]
Party for Democratic Action or PDD [Riza HALIMI]
Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]
Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]
SNS-led Coalition/A Future We Believe In [Aleksandar VUCIC] (includes Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC], Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC], New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC], Movement of Socialists or PS [Aleksandar VULIN], and Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC])
United Regions of Serbia [Mladan DINKIC]
With Democratic Party for Democratic Serbia/Democratic Party or DS [Dragan DJILAS]
SPS/PUPS/JS [Ivica DACIC] (includes Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC], Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Jovan KRKOBABIC], United Serbia or JS [Dragan "Palma" MARKOVIC])
LDP-led Coalition [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] (includes Liberal Democratic Party of LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC], Bosniak Democratic Union of Sandzak or BDZS [Esad DZUDZEVIC], Social Democratic Union of SDU [Zarko KORAC])
Political pressure groups and leaders: 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement)
Dveri - Movement for the Life of Serbia [Bosko OBRADOVIC]
Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization)
SNP NASI (Serbian National Movement NASI)
International organization participation: BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Vladimir JOVICIC (since 3 December 2013)
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KIRBY (since 11 September 2012)
embassy: 92 Bulevar kneza Aleksandra Karadjordjevica, 11040 Belgrade, Serbia
mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070
telephone: [381] (11) 706-4000
FAX: [381] (11) 706-4005
Flag description: three equal horizontal stripes of red (top), blue, and white - the Pan-Slav colors representing freedom and revolutionary ideals; charged with the coat of arms of Serbia shifted slightly to the hoist side; the principal field of the coat of arms represents the Serbian state and displays a white two-headed eagle on a red shield; a smaller red shield on the eagle represents the Serbian nation, and is divided into four quarters by a white cross; interpretations vary as to the meaning and origin of the white, curved symbols resembling firesteels or Cyrillic "C's" in each quarter; a royal crown surmounts the coat of arms
note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia
National symbol(s): double-headed eagle
National anthem: name: "Boze pravde" (God of Justice)
lyrics/music: Jovan DORDEVIC/Davorin JENKO
note: adopted 1904; the song was originally written as part of a play in 1872 and has been used as an anthem by the Serbian people throughout the 20th and 21st centuries

Economy

Economy - overview: Serbia has a transitional economy largely dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains significant in certain areas and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Serbia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, and others - remain in state hands. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. In January 2014, Serbia's EU accession talks officially opened. Serbia's negotiations with the World Trade Organization are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotechnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement is now void. However, an IMF mission visited Serbia in February 2014 to initiate discussions with Serbian authorities on a possible new IMF arrangement and these talks will continue following the formation of the new government. High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing political and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term prosperity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. Growing budget deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP doubled between 2008 and 2013. Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange-rate stability may preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. During the recent election campaign, the victorious SNS party promised comprehensive economic reform during the first half of 2014 to address issues with the fiscal deficit, state-owned enterprises, the labor market, construction permits, bankruptcy and privatization, and other areas. Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, healthcare, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious longer-term challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include its strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA).
GDP (purchasing power parity): $80.47 billion (2013 est.)
$78.89 billion (2012 est.)
$80.3 billion (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): $43.68 billion (2013 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 2% (2013 est.)
-1.7% (2012 est.)
1.6% (2011 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): $11,100 (2013 est.)
$10,900 (2012 est.)
$11,100 (2011 est.)
note: data are in 2013 US dollars
Gross national saving: 26.7% of GDP (2013 est.)
28.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
22.6% of GDP (2011 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 75.8%
government consumption: 19.2%
investment in fixed capital: 16.3%
investment in inventories: 5.4%
exports of goods and services: 42.7%
imports of goods and services: -59.4%
(2013 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: agriculture: 7.9%
industry: 31.8%
services: 60.3% (2013 est.)
Agriculture - products: wheat, maize, sunflower, sugar beets, fruits (raspberries, apples, sour cherries), vegetables (tomatoes, peppers, potatoes), beef, pork, and meat products, milk and dairy products, grapes/wine
Industries: automobiles, base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals
Industrial production growth rate: 5.5% (2013 est.)
Labor force: 1.703 million (2013 est.)
Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 23.9%
industry: 16.5%
services: 59.6% (2013 est.)
Unemployment rate: 20.1% (2013 est.)
22.4% (2012 est.)
Population below poverty line: 9.1% (2013 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index: 38 (2013 est.)
28.2 (2008 est.)
Budget: revenues: $17.47 billion
expenditures: $19.6 billion
note: this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2013 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 40% of GDP (2013 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -4.9% of GDP (2013 est.)
Public debt: 61.2% of GDP (2013 est.)
59.3% of GDP (2012 est.)
note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the GOS issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.2% (2013 est.)
12.2% (2012 est.)
Central bank discount rate: 9.5% (18 March 2014)
11.75% (6 February 2013)
Commercial bank prime lending rate: 13.85% (31 December 2013 est.)
14.99% (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of narrow money: $4.626 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$3.595 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of broad money: $20.47 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$19.12 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of domestic credit: $25.48 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$26.26 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $9.199 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$7.451 billion (31 December 2012)
$8.365 billion (31 December 2011 est.)
Current account balance: -$1.807 billion (2013 est.)
-$4.012 billion (2012 est.)
Exports: $14.61 billion (2013 est.)
$11.35 billion (2012 est.)
Exports - commodities: iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles
Imports: $20.54 billion (2013 est.)
$19.01 billion (2012 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $15.87 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$14.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Debt - external: $33.6 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
$33.42 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $26.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
$11.95 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $NA
Exchange rates: Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar -
85.67 (2013 est.)
87.992 (2012 est.)
77.729 (2010 est.)
67.634 (2009)
62.9 (2008)

Energy

Electricity - production: 37.65 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 28.04 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - exports: 5.707 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - imports: 5.835 billion kWh (2013 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 7.379 million kW (2013 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 57.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 39% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 3.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)
Crude oil - production: 24,500 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 33,330 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 77.5 million bbl (1 January 2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production: 65,720 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 72,770 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 16,060 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 31,120 bbl/day (2013 est.)
Natural gas - production: 484.7 million cu m (2013 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 2.827 billion cu m (2013 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2013 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 2.45 billion cu m (2013 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: 62 million Mt (2013 est.)

Communications

Telephones - main lines in use: 2.977 million (2012)
Telephones - mobile cellular: 9.138 million (2012)
Telephone system: general assessment: replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war has resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system
domestic: wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007
international: country code - 381 (2011)
Internet country code: .rs
Internet hosts: 1.102 million (2012)
Internet users: 4.107 million (2009)

Transportation

Airports: 26 (2013)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 10
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 5 (2013)
Heliports: 2 (2012)
Railways: total: 3,809 km
standard gauge: 3,809 km 1.435-m gauge (1,279 km electrified) (2010)
Roadways: total: 44,248 km
paved: 28,000 km
unpaved: 16,248 km (2010)
Waterways: 587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava rivers) (2009)

Military

Military branches: Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces Command (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces Command (2012)
Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished December 2010; reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2013)
Manpower fit for military service: males age 16-49: 1,395,426
females age 16-49: 1,356,415 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually: male: 43,945
female: 41,080 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures: 2.21% of GDP (2012)
2.28% of GDP (2011)
2.21% of GDP (2010)

Transnational Issues

Disputes - international: Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaration of its status as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led Kosovo Force peacekeepers under United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 41,762 (Croatia); 15,296 (Bosnia and Herzegovina) (2013)
IDPs: 97,300 (most are Kosovar Serbs, some are Roma, Ashkalis, and Egyptian (RAE); some RAE IDPs are unregistered) (2013)
stateless persons: 8,500 (includes stateless persons in Kosovo) (2012)
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable to money laundering

This country information was last updated on January 01, 1970.